Posts Tagged with hand hewn
The 2008 Traditional Timber Frame Research and Advisory Group Symposium
Posted on April 10, 2008 by Gabel Holder
The Timber Framers Guild recently held a symposium of its Traditional Timber Frame Research and Advisory Group at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Conservation Training Center in Shepherdstown, West Virginia. The event was held March 14-16 and was packed full of interesting and informative presentations and demonstrations regarding traditional and historic timber framing.
Two of us left the timber framing shop here in Monroe, Georgia around lunch on Thursday and rode over to Columbia, South Carolina where our crew was working on a historic restoration project. We picked up a couple of the guys and headed north, arriving in Shepherdstown the night before the event started.
We spent Friday visiting five timber framed bank barns in Jefferson County, which has around two hundred remaining historic timber framed bank barns. Many of the barns were framed of beautiful hand hewn oak timbers. One of the barns we visited had a large number of hand hewn walnut timbers! There were many interesting timber framing details to look at and puzzle over.
That night we heard a presentation on traditional masonry materials and techniques, specifically relating to stonework and lime mortars. We also heard engineer Dave Fischetti speak about the process of engineering repairs to historic timber frame buildings. He has provided the engineering for a large number of restoration and repair projects, such as Market Hall in Charleston, South Carolina, Phi Gamma Hall in Oxford, Georgia, and numerous covered bridges and historic churches. We've been fortunate to work with Dave in the past and look forward to working together again later this year.
It was great to see all of our friends in the Timber Framers Guild. What an incredible group of people! I would encourage anyone interested in timber framing to join the guild and go to an event - you won’t regret it!
Saturday we enjoyed several fascinating presentations on topics including the systematic study of historic timber framed buildings, creating accurate survey drawings of historic timber frames, the repair and restoration of church steeples and spire timber framing. All very interesting stuff!
That evening we watched a slide show featuring the work of the conference attendees. Holder Brothers Timber Frames were proud to present two of our projects. It is always inspiring to see the work that others are doing in the field of historic and traditional timber framing.
Sunday morning we attended a great presentation on shoring, rigging, and lifting timber frame buildings for repair and restoration work. After that, we loaded back up and headed South in time for work Monday morning. What a weekend!
If you are interested in historic or traditional timber framing, you should look into joining the Timber Framers Guild (www.tfguild.org) and its Traditional Timber Frame Research and Advisory Group.
Tagged: hand hewn, historic timber frame, historic restoration, ttrag, timber framers guild, timber frame barn, timber frame, traditional timber frame | 0 comments
The real meaning of "hand hewn"
Posted on July 17, 2007 by Gabel Holder
Hand hewn is a term that is widely misused today to refer to almost anything with a rustic appearance. The real meaning is actually quite limited in application. Hand hewn refers to a timber that has been converted from a log using only axes -- most commonly a felling axe and a broad axe.
A common misconception is that timbers were shaped with an adze. While adzes are wonderfully useful tools, they are pitiful at converting logs to timbers, and were not historically used for that purpose. This misconception may stem from the fact that hand hewn timbers have an interesting texture of undulating tool marks -- almost as if the wood were scooped out a little. This is the result of the shape of a broad axe. First off, the broad axe is sharpened on one side only (single beveled), unlike a felling axe which is sharpened on both sides (double-beveled). Also, the cutting edge of a properly adjusted and sharpened broad axe is curved in a couple of different ways. If you set this properly sharpened broad axe down on a table on its "flat" side, you will quickly see that the axe actually isn't flat on it's back --the axe should rock back and forth along its edge, with the mid-section acting as the fulcrum. You want the corners of the edge to be about 1/16" to 1/8" off the table -- that keeps the corners from digging in, which is very important. You also want a curve along the length of the edge, with the middle being quite proud of the corners. This curve helps create a slicing action, (rather than chopping) which is crucial to good clean work as well as efficiency. And the edge must be very sharp -- ideally razor sharp! A dull broad axe is worse than useless -- it is very dangerous. The effect of this razor sharp, curved and convex edge is that the wood is scooped out, leaving a subtle undulating texture similar to waves on the sea -- very different from what is often passed off as hand hewn today.
Most people who are "hewing" timbers today are using either a power planer to create a textured surface or are adzing sawn timbers -- both of these methods make an "interesting" texture, but are completely inappropriate for historic work, as the tool marks are completely different than what you see on authentically hewn timber. It is important to note that each hewer leaves behind subtle, tell-tale tool marks that allow an observant person to play detective and determine among other things whether the carpenter was left or right handed, which direction along the timber he was moving as he hewed, how high off the ground the log was, the size of the different axes used, whether one person hewed the entire timber or one man went up one side, while another man went down the other, whether two faces were hewed before the log was rolled, or whether one face was hewn and the log rolled each time.
I am sure that is much more information than most people care to know about how a carpenter swung his axe on a particular day a couple hundred years ago. Nevertheless, it is valuable information when it comes to understanding how a particular building was built; especially in terms of documenting existing timbers to better understand the original techniques or when we need to repair, restore, or replace damaged or missing timbers in a way that is consistent with the original means and methods. It is entirely possible when replacing a timber, to study other contemporary pieces from the same building and then hew the replacement the same way the original was done, reproducing the act of conversion as well as the product. Not only do I believe there is cultural value in this knowledge and skill--keeping alive and in some cases rediscovering the subtleties of a traditional building skill that mostly died--it is simply the most accurate process for reproducing a hewn timber. While I understand that such a level of detailed care is not appropriate for many projects, occasionally it probably is – when accurately replicating parts of the original process is an important part of the clients program. Or when close just doesn't cut it – such as work done on cultural treasures.
And even on the more everyday projects, I still think it is important to recognize authenticity and to value it enough to avoid cheap imitations. For more information about hand hewn timbers, give us a call.
Tagged: hand hewn, traditional timber framing, broad axe, historical timber framing, hand hewing, timber frame, hand hewn timber frame | 0 comments
A visit to Old Salem Village
Posted on June 27, 2007 by Gabel Holder
I recently attended the annual symposium of the Traditional Timber Frame Research and Advisory Group (TTRAG) held at Old Salem Village in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
Salem was founded in 1763 by Moravian settlers, who came down from Pennsylvania. Old Salem Village is an incredible place to visit, with extremely well-preserved 18th century buildings everywhere. The conference attendees were allowed to crawl around in the attics of several of the oldest buildings and see some nice Germanic timber framing. It was a great chance to see some dusty old historic timber frames!
For me the highlight of the attic tour was the Home Moravian Church, built in 1800. The timber framing in the roof is impressive and the view from the bell tower was great. Another great old timber framed building is the Single Brother's House. It was built in 1769, and is a half-timbered building with brick infill between exposed hand hewn timbers. An all brick expansion was built in 1786. The entire building has a nice Germanic roof system built with mostly hand hewn timber and sash sawn timber, with a few pit sawn members.
In addition to the well-preserved architecture, there are many museums, shops and artisans to visit. If you are ever in central North Carolina, Old Salem Village is definitely worth a visit.
Tagged: timber frame church, hand hewn, north carolina, timber frame, historic timber framing, ttrag, traditional timber framing, colonial timber frame | 0 comments
Hewing, Riving, and Scribing
Posted on May 04, 2007 by Gabel Holder
We recently built a historic reproduction timber frame for Charles Towne Landing State Park in Charleston, South Carolina to be used in their interpretation of the 1670 era original settlement. The 15' by 30' servant's quarters was designed based on archaeological evidence from the original site and thorough historic research. The frame is a single story with a sleeping loft and has sill timbers that are supported by earth-fast cedar poles. Around 25 slaves and servants would have lived in this house.
One of the most exciting things to me about this project was the opportunity for us to use historic techniques to layout and cut the hand hewn and riven timbers for the frame. The project's specifications called for the timber frame to be scribed (a traditional carpentry technique used until the 19th century) and for all visible tool marks to be authentic hand tool marks. What a great opportunity!
Having recently completed several scribed projects, we were very excited by the chance to use these methods on a historically authentic timber frame using all hand-converted material. Our job was to supply about one third of the hand converted materials, scribe and cut the joinery, raise the frame, and install the hand riven oak clapboards. We worked with 4 different species of timber, hewing oak for purlins, pine for floor joists, and cedar for the exposed chimney framing, riving cedar for studs, and hewing one side and peeling the cypress pole rafters. We also made the riven and hand drawn white oak pegs for the frame.
After the timbers were converted, we scribed wall frames, cross frames, trusses, and roof frames together. Then we were off to Charleston to raise the frame and put the roof on. What a great feeling to start with a pile of logs and finish with a building!
If you're ever in Charleston, I recommend a visit to Charles Towne Landing State Park. It is an interesting and enjoyable place to wander around and they do a great job of showing us where and how the settlers of the South's largest colonial port city lived.
Tagged: colonial timber frame, charles towne landing, timber frame, hand hewing, hand hewn, scribing, historic reproduction, south carolina, hand hewn timber frame | 0 comments
